Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology Third edition Book
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Preface xi
Section 1 Basic Electrical and Electronic
Engineering Principles 1
1 Units associated with basic electrical
quantities 3
1.1 SI units 3
1.2 Charge 4
1.3 Force 4
1.4 Work 4
1.5 Power 4
1.6 Electrical potential and e.m.f. 5
1.7 Resistance and conductance 5
1.8 Electrical power and energy 6
1.9 Summary of terms, units and
their symbols 7
2 An introduction to electric circuits 9
2.1 Electrical/electronic system
block diagrams 9
2.2 Standard symbols for electrical
components 10
2.3 Electric current and quantity of
electricity 11
2.4 Potential difference and
resistance 11
2.5 Basic electrical measuring
instruments 12
2.6 Linear and non-linear devices 12
2.7 Ohm’s law 13
2.8 Multiples and sub-multiples 13
2.9 Conductors and insulators 14
2.10 Electrical power and energy 15
2.11 Main effects of electric current 17
2.12 Fuses 17
3 Resistance variation 20
3.1 Resistance and resistivity 20
3.2 Temperature coefficient of
resistance 22
3.3 Resistor colour coding and
ohmic values 24
4 Batteries and alternative sources of energy 28
4.1 Introduction to batteries 28
4.2 Some chemical effects of
electricity 29
4.3 The simple cell 29
4.4 Corrosion 30
4.5 E.m.f. and internal resistance
of a cell 30
4.6 Primary cells 33
4.7 Secondary cells 34
4.8 Cell capacity 36
4.9 Safe disposal of batteries 36
4.10 Fuel cells 36
4.11 Alternative and renewable
energy sources 37
Revision Test 1 40
5 Series and parallel networks 41
5.1 Series circuits 41
5.2 Potential divider 42
5.3 Parallel networks 44
5.4 Current division 47
5.5 Relative and absolute
voltages 51
5.6 Wiring lamps in series and in
parallel 52
6 Capacitors and capacitance 55
6.1 Introduction to capacitors 55
6.2 Electrostatic field 56
6.3 Electric field strength 56
6.4 Capacitance 57
6.5 Capacitors 57
6.6 Electric flux density 58
6.7 Permittivity 58
6.8 The parallel plate capacitor 60
6.9 Capacitors connected in parallel
and series 61
6.10 Dielectric strength 66
6.11 Energy stored in capacitors 66
6.12 Practical types of capacitor 67
6.13 Discharging capacitors 69
vi Contents
7 Magnetic circuits 71
7.1 Introduction to magnetism
and magnetic circuits 71
7.2 Magnetic fields 72
7.3 Magnetic flux and flux density 72
7.4 Magnetomotive force and magnetic
field strength 73
7.5 Permeability and B–H curves 74
7.6 Reluctance 77
7.7 Composite series magnetic
circuits 77
7.8 Comparison between
electrical and magnetic
quantities 81
7.9 Hysteresis and hysteresis loss 81
Revision Test 2 84
8 Electromagnetism 85
8.1 Magnetic field due to an
electric current 85
8.2 Electromagnets 87
8.3 Force on a current-carrying
conductor 88
8.4 Principle of operation of a
simple d.c. motor 91
8.5 Principle of operation of a
moving-coil instrument 92
8.6 Force on a charge 93
9 Electromagnetic induction 96
9.1 Introduction to
electromagnetic induction 96
9.2 Laws of electromagnetic
induction 97
9.3 Rotation of a loop in a
magnetic field 100
9.4 Inductance 101
9.5 Inductors 102
9.6 Energy stored 103
9.7 Inductance of a coil 103
9.8 Mutual inductance 105
10 Electrical measuring instruments and
measurements 110
10.1 Introduction 111
10.2 Analogue instruments 111
10.3 Moving-iron instrument 111
10.4 The moving-coil rectifier
instrument 112
10.5 Comparison of moving-coil,
moving-iron and moving-coil
rectifier instruments 112
10.6 Shunts and multipliers 112
10.7 Electronic instruments 114
10.8 The ohmmeter 114
10.9 Multimeters 115
10.10 Wattmeters 115
10.11 Instrument ‘loading’ effect 115
10.12 The oscilloscope 117
10.13 Virtual test and measuring
instruments 122
10.14 Virtual digital storage
oscilloscopes 123
10.15 Waveform harmonics 126
10.16 Logarithmic ratios 127
10.17 Null method of measurement 130
10.18 Wheatstone bridge 130
10.19 D.C. potentiometer 131
10.20 A.C. bridges 132
10.21 Q-meter 133
10.22 Measurement errors 134
11 Semiconductor diodes 140
11.1 Types of material 140
11.2 Semiconductor materials 141
11.3 Conduction in semiconductor
materials 142
11.4 The p-n junction 143
11.5 Forward and reverse bias 144
11.6 Semiconductor diodes 147
11.7 Characteristics and maximum
ratings 148
11.8 Rectification 148
11.9 Zener diodes 148
11.10 Silicon controlled rectifiers 149
11.11 Light emitting diodes 150
11.12 Varactor diodes 150
11.13 Schottky diodes 150
12 Transistors 154
12.1 Transistor classification 154
12.2 Bipolar junction transistors
(BJT) 155
12.3 Transistor action 155
12.4 Leakage current 156
12.5 Bias and current flow 157
12.6 Transistor operating
configurations 158
12.7 Bipolar transistor
characteristics 158
12.8 Transistor parameters 159
12.9 Current gain 161
12.10 Typical BJT characteristics and
maximum ratings 161
Contents vii
12.11 Field effect transistors 163
12.12 Field effect transistor
characteristics 163
12.13 Typical FET characteristics and
maximum ratings 165
12.14 Transistor amplifiers 165
12.15 Load lines 168
Revision Test 3 175
Formulae for basic electrical and electronic
engineering principles 176
Section 2 Further Electrical and
Electronic Principles 177
13 D.C. circuit theory 179
13.1 Introduction 179
13.2 Kirchhoff’s laws 179
13.3 The superposition theorem 183
13.4 General d.c. circuit theory 186
13.5 Thévenin’s theorem 188
13.6 Constant-current source 193
13.7 Norton’s theorem 193
13.8 Thévenin and Norton
equivalent networks 197
13.9 Maximum power transfer
theorem 200
14 Alternating voltages and currents 205
14.1 Introduction 205
14.2 The a.c. generator 205
14.3 Waveforms 206
14.4 A.c. values 207
14.5 The equation of a sinusoidal
waveform 211
14.6 Combination of waveforms 213
14.7 Rectification 217
14.8 Smoothing of the rectified
output waveform 218
Revision Test 4 221
15 Single-phase series a.c. circuits 222
15.1 Purely resistive a.c. circuit 222
15.2 Purely inductive a.c. circuit 222
15.3 Purely capacitive a.c. circuit 223
15.4 R–L series a.c. circuit 225
15.5 R–C series a.c. circuit 228
15.6 R–L–C series a.c. circuit 230
15.7 Series resonance 234
15.8 Q-factor 235
15.9 Bandwidth and selectivity 237
15.10 Power in a.c. circuits 237
15.11 Power triangle and power
factor 238
16 Single-phase parallel a.c. circuits 243
16.1 Introduction 243
16.2 R–L parallel a.c. circuit 243
16.3 R–C parallel a.c. circuit 244
16.4 L–C parallel circuit 246
16.5 LR–C parallel a.c. circuit 247
16.6 Parallel resonance and
Q-factor 250
16.7 Power factor improvement 254
17 Filter networks 260
17.1 Introduction 260
17.2 Two-port networks and
characteristic impedance 260
17.3 Low-pass filters 261
17.4 High-pass filters 264
17.5 Band-pass filters 268
17.6 Band-stop filters 269
18 D.C. transients 272
18.1 Introduction 272
18.2 Charging a capacitor 272
18.3 Time constant for a C–R circuit 273
18.4 Transient curves for a C–R
circuit 274
18.5 Discharging a capacitor 277
18.6 Camera flash 280
18.7 Current growth in an
L–R circuit 280
18.8 Time constant for an
L–R circuit 281
18.9 Transient curves for an
L–R circuit 281
18.10 Current decay in an
L–R circuit 282
18.11 Switching inductive circuits 285
18.12 The effects of time constant on
a rectangular waveform 285
19 Operational amplifiers 289
19.1 Introduction to operational
amplifiers 289
19.2 Some op amp parameters 291
19.3 Op amp inverting amplifier 292
19.4 Op amp non-inverting
amplifier 294
viii Contents
19.5 Op amp voltage-follower 295
19.6 Op amp summing amplifier 296
19.7 Op amp voltage comparator 297
19.8 Op amp integrator 297
19.9 Op amp differential amplifier 298
19.10 Digital to analogue (D/A)
conversion 300
19.11 Analogue to digital (A/D)
conversion 301
Revision Test 5 305
Formulae for further electrical and
electronic engineering principles 306
Section 3 Electrical Power Technology 309
20 Three-phase systems 311
20.1 Introduction 311
20.2 Three-phase supply 311
20.3 Star connection 312
20.4 Delta connection 315
20.5 Power in three-phase systems 317
20.6 Measurement of power in
three-phase systems 319
20.7 Comparison of star and delta
connections 324
20.8 Advantages of three-phase
systems 324
21 Transformers 327
21.1 Introduction 327
21.2 Transformer principle of
operation 328
21.3 Transformer no-load phasor
diagram 330
21.4 E.m.f. equation of a transformer 331
21.5 Transformer on-load phasor
diagram 333
21.6 Transformer construction 335
21.7 Equivalent circuit of a
transformer 335
21.8 Regulation of a transformer 337
21.9 Transformer losses and
efficiency 338
21.10 Resistance matching 341
21.11 Auto transformers 343
21.12 Isolating transformers 345
21.13 Three-phase transformers 345
21.14 Current transformers 346
21.15 Voltage transformers 348
Revision Test 6 351
22 D.C. machines 352
22.1 Introduction 352
22.2 The action of a commutator 353
22.3 D.C. machine construction 353
22.4 Shunt, series and compound
windings 354
22.5 E.m.f. generated in an armature
winding 354
22.6 D.C. generators 356
22.7 Types of d.c. generator and their
characteristics 356
22.8 D.C. machine losses 360
22.9 Efficiency of a d.c. generator 361
22.10 D.C. motors 362
22.11 Torque of a d.c. motor 363
22.12 Types of d.c. motor and their
characteristics 365
22.13 The efficiency of a d.c. motor 369
22.14 D.C. motor starter 371
22.15 Speed control of d.c. motors 371
22.16 Motor cooling 374
23 Three-phase induction motors 378
23.1 Introduction 378
23.2 Production of a rotating
magnetic field 379
23.3 Synchronous speed 380
23.4 Construction of a three-phase
induction motor 381
23.5 Principle of operation of a threephase
induction motor 382
23.6 Slip 382
23.7 Rotor e.m.f. and frequency 383
23.8 Rotor impedance and current 384
23.9 Rotor copper loss 385
23.10 Induction motor losses and
efficiency 385
23.11 Torque equation for an
induction motor 387
23.12 Induction motor torque-speed
characteristics 390
23.13 Starting methods for induction
motors 391
23.14 Advantages of squirrel-cage
induction motors 391
Contents ix
23.15 Advantages ofwound rotor induction
motors 392
23.16 Double cage induction motor 392
23.17 Uses of three-phase induction
motors 393
Revision Test 7 396
Formulae for electrical power technology 397
Answers to multiple choice questions 398
Database of Free Online #technical Books, Textbooks, tutorials and Lecture Notes of #Aerospace, #Nuclear, #Mechanical, #Electrical, #Electronics, #civil, #automotive and #Mechatronics #engineering.
#techbooksyard.com
http://www.techbooksyard.com/
http://www.techbooksyard.com/electrical-and-electronic-principles-and-technology-third-edition-book/
Preface xi
Section 1 Basic Electrical and Electronic
Engineering Principles 1
1 Units associated with basic electrical
quantities 3
1.1 SI units 3
1.2 Charge 4
1.3 Force 4
1.4 Work 4
1.5 Power 4
1.6 Electrical potential and e.m.f. 5
1.7 Resistance and conductance 5
1.8 Electrical power and energy 6
1.9 Summary of terms, units and
their symbols 7
2 An introduction to electric circuits 9
2.1 Electrical/electronic system
block diagrams 9
2.2 Standard symbols for electrical
components 10
2.3 Electric current and quantity of
electricity 11
2.4 Potential difference and
resistance 11
2.5 Basic electrical measuring
instruments 12
2.6 Linear and non-linear devices 12
2.7 Ohm’s law 13
2.8 Multiples and sub-multiples 13
2.9 Conductors and insulators 14
2.10 Electrical power and energy 15
2.11 Main effects of electric current 17
2.12 Fuses 17
3 Resistance variation 20
3.1 Resistance and resistivity 20
3.2 Temperature coefficient of
resistance 22
3.3 Resistor colour coding and
ohmic values 24
4 Batteries and alternative sources of energy 28
4.1 Introduction to batteries 28
4.2 Some chemical effects of
electricity 29
4.3 The simple cell 29
4.4 Corrosion 30
4.5 E.m.f. and internal resistance
of a cell 30
4.6 Primary cells 33
4.7 Secondary cells 34
4.8 Cell capacity 36
4.9 Safe disposal of batteries 36
4.10 Fuel cells 36
4.11 Alternative and renewable
energy sources 37
Revision Test 1 40
5 Series and parallel networks 41
5.1 Series circuits 41
5.2 Potential divider 42
5.3 Parallel networks 44
5.4 Current division 47
5.5 Relative and absolute
voltages 51
5.6 Wiring lamps in series and in
parallel 52
6 Capacitors and capacitance 55
6.1 Introduction to capacitors 55
6.2 Electrostatic field 56
6.3 Electric field strength 56
6.4 Capacitance 57
6.5 Capacitors 57
6.6 Electric flux density 58
6.7 Permittivity 58
6.8 The parallel plate capacitor 60
6.9 Capacitors connected in parallel
and series 61
6.10 Dielectric strength 66
6.11 Energy stored in capacitors 66
6.12 Practical types of capacitor 67
6.13 Discharging capacitors 69
vi Contents
7 Magnetic circuits 71
7.1 Introduction to magnetism
and magnetic circuits 71
7.2 Magnetic fields 72
7.3 Magnetic flux and flux density 72
7.4 Magnetomotive force and magnetic
field strength 73
7.5 Permeability and B–H curves 74
7.6 Reluctance 77
7.7 Composite series magnetic
circuits 77
7.8 Comparison between
electrical and magnetic
quantities 81
7.9 Hysteresis and hysteresis loss 81
Revision Test 2 84
8 Electromagnetism 85
8.1 Magnetic field due to an
electric current 85
8.2 Electromagnets 87
8.3 Force on a current-carrying
conductor 88
8.4 Principle of operation of a
simple d.c. motor 91
8.5 Principle of operation of a
moving-coil instrument 92
8.6 Force on a charge 93
9 Electromagnetic induction 96
9.1 Introduction to
electromagnetic induction 96
9.2 Laws of electromagnetic
induction 97
9.3 Rotation of a loop in a
magnetic field 100
9.4 Inductance 101
9.5 Inductors 102
9.6 Energy stored 103
9.7 Inductance of a coil 103
9.8 Mutual inductance 105
10 Electrical measuring instruments and
measurements 110
10.1 Introduction 111
10.2 Analogue instruments 111
10.3 Moving-iron instrument 111
10.4 The moving-coil rectifier
instrument 112
10.5 Comparison of moving-coil,
moving-iron and moving-coil
rectifier instruments 112
10.6 Shunts and multipliers 112
10.7 Electronic instruments 114
10.8 The ohmmeter 114
10.9 Multimeters 115
10.10 Wattmeters 115
10.11 Instrument ‘loading’ effect 115
10.12 The oscilloscope 117
10.13 Virtual test and measuring
instruments 122
10.14 Virtual digital storage
oscilloscopes 123
10.15 Waveform harmonics 126
10.16 Logarithmic ratios 127
10.17 Null method of measurement 130
10.18 Wheatstone bridge 130
10.19 D.C. potentiometer 131
10.20 A.C. bridges 132
10.21 Q-meter 133
10.22 Measurement errors 134
11 Semiconductor diodes 140
11.1 Types of material 140
11.2 Semiconductor materials 141
11.3 Conduction in semiconductor
materials 142
11.4 The p-n junction 143
11.5 Forward and reverse bias 144
11.6 Semiconductor diodes 147
11.7 Characteristics and maximum
ratings 148
11.8 Rectification 148
11.9 Zener diodes 148
11.10 Silicon controlled rectifiers 149
11.11 Light emitting diodes 150
11.12 Varactor diodes 150
11.13 Schottky diodes 150
12 Transistors 154
12.1 Transistor classification 154
12.2 Bipolar junction transistors
(BJT) 155
12.3 Transistor action 155
12.4 Leakage current 156
12.5 Bias and current flow 157
12.6 Transistor operating
configurations 158
12.7 Bipolar transistor
characteristics 158
12.8 Transistor parameters 159
12.9 Current gain 161
12.10 Typical BJT characteristics and
maximum ratings 161
Contents vii
12.11 Field effect transistors 163
12.12 Field effect transistor
characteristics 163
12.13 Typical FET characteristics and
maximum ratings 165
12.14 Transistor amplifiers 165
12.15 Load lines 168
Revision Test 3 175
Formulae for basic electrical and electronic
engineering principles 176
Section 2 Further Electrical and
Electronic Principles 177
13 D.C. circuit theory 179
13.1 Introduction 179
13.2 Kirchhoff’s laws 179
13.3 The superposition theorem 183
13.4 General d.c. circuit theory 186
13.5 Thévenin’s theorem 188
13.6 Constant-current source 193
13.7 Norton’s theorem 193
13.8 Thévenin and Norton
equivalent networks 197
13.9 Maximum power transfer
theorem 200
14 Alternating voltages and currents 205
14.1 Introduction 205
14.2 The a.c. generator 205
14.3 Waveforms 206
14.4 A.c. values 207
14.5 The equation of a sinusoidal
waveform 211
14.6 Combination of waveforms 213
14.7 Rectification 217
14.8 Smoothing of the rectified
output waveform 218
Revision Test 4 221
15 Single-phase series a.c. circuits 222
15.1 Purely resistive a.c. circuit 222
15.2 Purely inductive a.c. circuit 222
15.3 Purely capacitive a.c. circuit 223
15.4 R–L series a.c. circuit 225
15.5 R–C series a.c. circuit 228
15.6 R–L–C series a.c. circuit 230
15.7 Series resonance 234
15.8 Q-factor 235
15.9 Bandwidth and selectivity 237
15.10 Power in a.c. circuits 237
15.11 Power triangle and power
factor 238
16 Single-phase parallel a.c. circuits 243
16.1 Introduction 243
16.2 R–L parallel a.c. circuit 243
16.3 R–C parallel a.c. circuit 244
16.4 L–C parallel circuit 246
16.5 LR–C parallel a.c. circuit 247
16.6 Parallel resonance and
Q-factor 250
16.7 Power factor improvement 254
17 Filter networks 260
17.1 Introduction 260
17.2 Two-port networks and
characteristic impedance 260
17.3 Low-pass filters 261
17.4 High-pass filters 264
17.5 Band-pass filters 268
17.6 Band-stop filters 269
18 D.C. transients 272
18.1 Introduction 272
18.2 Charging a capacitor 272
18.3 Time constant for a C–R circuit 273
18.4 Transient curves for a C–R
circuit 274
18.5 Discharging a capacitor 277
18.6 Camera flash 280
18.7 Current growth in an
L–R circuit 280
18.8 Time constant for an
L–R circuit 281
18.9 Transient curves for an
L–R circuit 281
18.10 Current decay in an
L–R circuit 282
18.11 Switching inductive circuits 285
18.12 The effects of time constant on
a rectangular waveform 285
19 Operational amplifiers 289
19.1 Introduction to operational
amplifiers 289
19.2 Some op amp parameters 291
19.3 Op amp inverting amplifier 292
19.4 Op amp non-inverting
amplifier 294
viii Contents
19.5 Op amp voltage-follower 295
19.6 Op amp summing amplifier 296
19.7 Op amp voltage comparator 297
19.8 Op amp integrator 297
19.9 Op amp differential amplifier 298
19.10 Digital to analogue (D/A)
conversion 300
19.11 Analogue to digital (A/D)
conversion 301
Revision Test 5 305
Formulae for further electrical and
electronic engineering principles 306
Section 3 Electrical Power Technology 309
20 Three-phase systems 311
20.1 Introduction 311
20.2 Three-phase supply 311
20.3 Star connection 312
20.4 Delta connection 315
20.5 Power in three-phase systems 317
20.6 Measurement of power in
three-phase systems 319
20.7 Comparison of star and delta
connections 324
20.8 Advantages of three-phase
systems 324
21 Transformers 327
21.1 Introduction 327
21.2 Transformer principle of
operation 328
21.3 Transformer no-load phasor
diagram 330
21.4 E.m.f. equation of a transformer 331
21.5 Transformer on-load phasor
diagram 333
21.6 Transformer construction 335
21.7 Equivalent circuit of a
transformer 335
21.8 Regulation of a transformer 337
21.9 Transformer losses and
efficiency 338
21.10 Resistance matching 341
21.11 Auto transformers 343
21.12 Isolating transformers 345
21.13 Three-phase transformers 345
21.14 Current transformers 346
21.15 Voltage transformers 348
Revision Test 6 351
22 D.C. machines 352
22.1 Introduction 352
22.2 The action of a commutator 353
22.3 D.C. machine construction 353
22.4 Shunt, series and compound
windings 354
22.5 E.m.f. generated in an armature
winding 354
22.6 D.C. generators 356
22.7 Types of d.c. generator and their
characteristics 356
22.8 D.C. machine losses 360
22.9 Efficiency of a d.c. generator 361
22.10 D.C. motors 362
22.11 Torque of a d.c. motor 363
22.12 Types of d.c. motor and their
characteristics 365
22.13 The efficiency of a d.c. motor 369
22.14 D.C. motor starter 371
22.15 Speed control of d.c. motors 371
22.16 Motor cooling 374
23 Three-phase induction motors 378
23.1 Introduction 378
23.2 Production of a rotating
magnetic field 379
23.3 Synchronous speed 380
23.4 Construction of a three-phase
induction motor 381
23.5 Principle of operation of a threephase
induction motor 382
23.6 Slip 382
23.7 Rotor e.m.f. and frequency 383
23.8 Rotor impedance and current 384
23.9 Rotor copper loss 385
23.10 Induction motor losses and
efficiency 385
23.11 Torque equation for an
induction motor 387
23.12 Induction motor torque-speed
characteristics 390
23.13 Starting methods for induction
motors 391
23.14 Advantages of squirrel-cage
induction motors 391
Contents ix
23.15 Advantages ofwound rotor induction
motors 392
23.16 Double cage induction motor 392
23.17 Uses of three-phase induction
motors 393
Revision Test 7 396
Formulae for electrical power technology 397
Answers to multiple choice questions 398
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